Defining the Tragic Hero Essay - 632 Words

A tragic hero is the main character in a tragedy story. He is the main theme. He is the source behind the main issues of the plot and some major points maybe cleared by observing his actions and nature. The tragic hero is always larger than life, a person of action whose decisions determine the fate of others. He is a man who is superior then the average person, a character of noble stature and greatness. Though the tragic hero is pre-eminently great, he is not perfect. Otherwise, the audience would be unable to identify with him and his tragedy. His imperfection is what invokes pity and fear in the audience. Another characteristic of a tragic hero is the fact that he is trigger by some error of judgment or character flaw. The†¦show more content†¦Although he is clever man, he is blind to the truth. Even though he did not know that Laius and Jocasta are his parents, He still kills a man old enough to be his father and marry a woman old enough to be his mother. One would think that a man with a disturbing prophesy over his head as Oedipus should be v ery careful about whom he marries or kills. The fact that a tragic hero is not perfect evokes both pity and fear. Oedipus although being a good father, husband, and son, he unwillingly destroys his parents, wife and children. Oedipus is human, regardless of his pride, his intelligence or his stubbornness and the audience recognize his humanity in his agonizing reaction to his sin. Watching this, the audience certainly moved to both pity and fear, pity for this broken man and fear that his tragedy can be their own. The tragic hero suffers from a character flaw, a moral weakness in character. The flaw is what sets his actions and what inevitably leads to his downfall. The heros downfall is partially his own fault, the result of free choice, not of accident or villainy or some overriding, malignant fate. Oedipus seems to make important mistakes or some errors in judgment that set the events of the story into action. Oedipus flaw is his pride and stubbornness. When a drunken man tells him that he is a bastard, his pride is so wounded that he will not let the subject rest, eventually going to the oracle of Apollo to ask it theShow MoreRelatedRole of Gods and Goddesses in Homers Iliad845 Words   |  4 Pagesdeveloped into one of Western philosophys greatest questions: why is it that people are drawn to watching tragic heroes suffer horrible fates? Aristotles ideas revolve around three crucial effects: First, the audience develops an emotional attachment to the tragic hero; second, the audience fea rs what may befall the hero; and finally (after misfortune strikes) the audience pities the suffering hero. Through these attachments the individual members of the audience go through a catharsis, a term whichRead MoreOedipus And His Tragic Traits. In Sophocles Play Oedipus1017 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus and His Tragic Traits In Sophocles play Oedipus the King, Sophocles depicts the horrible fate of Oedipus, a pompous, arrogant young ruler. The story begins in the Greek town of Thebes. A plague has descended upon the Thebians causing death and famine throughout the land. Oedipus, being the heroic king, takes full responsibility to find out the cause of their aliments. While working to discover the source of the plague, Oedipus stumbles upon the tragic truth of his heritage and the horrifyingRead More Willy Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesWilly Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman       Willy Loman, the title character of the play, Death of Salesman, exhibits all the characteristics of a modern tragic hero. This essay will support this thesis by drawing on examples from Medea by Euripedes, Poetics by Aristotle, Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, and Shakespeares Julius Caesar, while comments by Moss, Gordon, and Nourse reinforce the thesis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Death of Salesman, by Arthur Miller, fits the characteristics of classicRead MoreNora, the Aristotelian Tragic Hero800 Words   |  4 PagesAristotelian Tragic Hero Along with many great theories, Aristotle left the world with his own set of guidelines to defining the tragic hero. Many protagonists have been put through his test and been placed as tragic heroes or just heroes, but where they truly belong is up for debate. In A Doll’s House, by Henrik Ibsen, many characters could be put through the rigors of an examination based on Aristotle’s qualifications. According to Aristotle, Nora Helmer, the play’s protagonist, is a tragic hero, becauseRead MoreJulius Caesar : A Tragic Hero863 Words   |  4 Pagesportrayed as a tragic hero. A tragic hero is defined as â€Å"the main character of a tragedy (who is) usually dignified, courageous, and high ranking† (Novel Study Guide). Also vital to defining a tragic hero is that, â€Å"the hero’s downfall is caused by a tragic flaw† (Novel Study Guide). It is evident that Julius Caesar in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar is a tragic hero given that he is of noble stature, has a fatal flaw and comes to an unhappy end. Julius Caesar is the tragic hero because of hisRead More Discuss the ways in which the character of Oedipus in Oedipus the King1192 Words   |  5 Pagesways in which the character of Oedipus in Oedipus the King conforms to the conventions of the tragic hero. In your discussion refer to how the issues explored in the play have a wider significance than the tragedy of Oedipus as an individual. Assessment 9: Short Essay – Drama Discuss the ways in which the character of Oedipus in Oedipus the King conforms to the conventions of the tragic hero. In your discussion refer to how the issues explored in the play have a wider significance thanRead MoreTragic Hero1598 Words   |  7 PagesTragic Hero From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A tragic hero is a protagonist with a tragic flaw, also known as fatal flaw, which eventually leads to his demise. The concept of the tragic hero was created in ancient Greek tragedy and defined by Aristotle. Usually, the realization of fatal flaw results in catharsis or epiphany. The tragic flaw is sometimes referred to as an Achilles heel after the single fatal flaw of the Greek warrior Achilles. [citation needed] Aristotelian tragicRead MoreEssay on Jay Gatsby: A Tragic Hero1084 Words   |  5 Pages (Aristotle) The â€Å"tragic hero† is an indefatigable staple in all mediums of literature. Although the term’s defining characteristics have morphed since its initial inception by Aristotle those many millennia ago, the main idea has endured. To be a tragic hero, several requirements must be met. The formula begins with a character that possesses noble and admirable qualities. Then come imperfections to make him appear human and believable, and finally the tragic hero is completed when he experiencesRead MoreEssay about Okonkwo as a Tragic Dero824 Words   |  4 PagesOkonkwo as a Tragic Dero Is Okonkwo a tragic hero? To answer that question one must start by defining the term tragic hero first introduced by Aristotle. Aristotle defined a tragic hero simply as being a character fulfilling three different requirements. The character must be larger than life, and must have a high social standing. The character must also have ordinary human qualities, and must have a tragic flaw that leads to his downfall. In Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart, all theseRead MoreCyrano As A Tragic Hero1163 Words   |  5 PagesCyrano follows a failed quest for intimacy, where Cyrano’s own tragic flaws stop him from achieving the romance he dreams of. It is these same tragic flaws that help to define Cyrano as a tragic hero in Edmond Rostand’s Cyrano de Bergerac, and it is these same flaws that eventually lead to Cyrano’s tragic fall. However, some of these flaws are also the admirable traits of the large-nosed hero’s character that also help to define him as hero . Due to this fact, Cyrano is able to gain respect from others

Comparison of Two Advertisements - 1815 Words

A Comparison of Two Advertisements The Oxford dictionary definition of ‘advertise’ is: â€Å"To promote (goods or services) publicly to increase sales.† But is it more than that? I think that the meaning of advertising is forever changing, as the consumer becomes more demanding and the producer becomes more ‘devious’ in the ways they promote the product they are trying to sell. Now, I believe that advertising means: trying to sell products to people whether or not they set out to buy them in the first place. I think that advertising often glorifies the product so people are almost ‘tricked’ into buying it, thinking that they are buying much more than they actually are. Advertising is the most successful way of selling a product, mainly†¦show more content†¦In the Alfa Romeo advert, I think the copy aims at a younger audience than the Citroen advert. I think this is more for people in their twenties who are not as much worried about the safety of the car as its style and speed. The tone of the Citroen advert is direct, and I think is probably written by someone who could work for the company, who knows what they are talking about. However, the tone of the Alfa advert is more friendly and a little less direct and technical than Citroen. It talks about ‘elegant styling’, ‘impressive performance’ and ‘outstanding handling’ – subjective words, but it still makes you think that it must be a great car if someone can say these things about it. The Citroen advert has a picture of a car driving through some ‘polystyrene balls’ in the middle of the page. I think this adds to the theme of safety in the car, because of the association of polystyrene with safe packaging for transportation. The colours are mainly ‘cool’ colours, like blue/green colours, which work very well in an advert for a safe car rather than reds, oranges, etc. The words at the top of the advert are just saying what the product is and doesn’t take the attention away from the image. The wording is quite plain, too: ‘The new look Citroen Xsara. Visit your Citroen dealership now.’ They do not take the reader’s eye away from the car, which is the main object. However, the slogan does not really relate to the image, it is instead just informingShow MoreRelatedA Comparison of Two Advertisements Essay708 Words   |  3 PagesA Comparison of Two Advertisements I have looked at 2 advertisements, one is from Sugar magazine and the other from Style magazine. The advertisement from Sugar, is for LOreal Paris Colour Pulse Hair Dye; the advertisement from Style is for Clinique Autumn 2004 close up on lips: modern metallics. All advertisements are aimed at specific target audiences and as such require different ideas, linguistic devices and presentational features to attract them. TheRead MoreA Comparison of Two Advertisements Essay2102 Words   |  9 PagesA Comparison of Two Advertisements I am going to compare two advertisements which I took from the magazine Marie Claire. Marie Claires target audience is young, sophisticated women, aged 18-30s. In the magazine, there is lots about fashion, beauty, relationships and general womens issues. I have chosen two different advertisements to compare. Both advertisements have very different, effective persuasive techniques which I am going to discuss. I am going toRead MoreEssay about Comparison of Two Advertisements719 Words   |  3 PagesComparison of Two Advertisements First of all, I will look at the history of advertising. Most historians believe that the first adverts were signs hung above shop doors in Babylon, now Iraq. This was as early as 3000 B.C. Many people could not read, so these early adverts were often symbols, for example a boot indicated a shoemakers shop. The first mass advertisement in Britain was in about 1472, after Johannes Gutenburg had invented movable type. It was a posterRead MoreEssay about A Comparison of Two Advertisements1239 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Two Advertisements Advertising is a tool used by businesses to inform us about their products and to persuade us to buy them. Advertisements are all around us: on billboards, in magazines, in newspapers, on the Internet, on airplanes, in shop windows, on posters and banners, on leaflets and so on. Advertisements attempt to persuade the subconscious that our lives would be improved if we bought the product on offer. Advertisements affect our livesRead MoreEssay on A Comparison of Two Television Advertisements1065 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Two Television Advertisements Television is the most important medium for advertising, and advertising is a vital component of traditional TV business models. It has always been difficult to assess the benefits of TV advertising as advertisers have traditionally had only a vague idea of who may have seen a particular advert and the actual impact on them. However, they can try and target an audience specifically e.g. time, channel of advert, etc. MostRead MoreA Comparison of Two Advertisements Essay examples1129 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Two Advertisements Advertising is a way of publicizing a product that you want to sell. There are many of different things to advertise, such as clothes, shoes, cars, watches etc. Advertising promotes the latest goods that are out in the shops. Advertising effects me everyday because every time I see a advertisement it attracts me to the product and I think about buying it or saving up to buy it. In this assignment, I will be talking about two differentRead MoreA Comparison of Two Print Advertisements Essay2065 Words   |  9 PagesA Comparison of Two Print Advertisements For this advertisement I will be analyzing and comparing two recent advertisements selling similar products from the same company. They are both advertising Nokia mobile phones. The first advertisement I shall be analyzing appeared in November 2004 from a Campus a popular university newspaper. The commercial that I will be comparing the first one to, comes from a business magazine entitled Arabian Business and appeared in DecemberRead MoreAdvertising Analysis : The Pepsi Advertisement Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesMedia Essay Advertisements are among the most popular forms of media an ordinary person can consume. Due to their high prominence in consumers’ lives, brand competition through visual advertisements stands as no foreign matter to the majority of large companies. PepsiCo remain no strangers to commercial competition due to their flagship brand of soft drink: Pepsi. However, PepsiCo harbors a longstanding conflict in the soft drink market with rival product Coca-Cola. Logically, the conflict betweenRead MoreAdvertising Of The Same Media863 Words   |  4 PagesComparisons between advertisements of the same media take a specific skill, eye, and intellect to make these comparisons and contrasts. Comparisons can include the imagery, copy, and the campaign, these are up to debate for the viewer, to one an advertisement can be provocative, but to another the advertisement can simply be a form of bandwagon. Calvin Klein and Versace have two internet advertisements that I believe them to both be provocative in their own special ways, but share a form of bandwagonRead MoreAnalysis of an Advertisement on Tsunamis and 9/11 Essay810 Words   |  4 Pagesdeed, everything effects our planet and you. This print advertisement by World Wildlife Fund uses a dramatic comparison between the incident pertaining 9/11 and the years of death caused by tsunamis, both being insinuated to be caused by people. The advertisement is used to demonstrate the effects that are brought upon the earth through the actions of each individuals, which in the end results in their own tragedy. Throughout the advertisement many viewers can visualize the content of the ad by the

Hacker and Dreifus Free Essays

Bob Herbert and Cal Thomas Write Articles Bob Herbert, a New York Times columnist writes on the subject of the american dream in an article titled hiding from reality. He writes of the dreary state of our country filled with ignored public school systems, dangerously underfunded local and state governments, and a failing job economy. Herbert boldly claims â€Å"Wherever you choose to look-at the economy and jobs, the public schools, the budget deficits, the nonstop war overseas- you’ll see a country in sad shape. We will write a custom essay sample on Hacker and Dreifus or any similar topic only for you Order Now Standards of living are declining, and american parents increasingly believe that their children are going to inherit a very bad deal† (564). This is one of the first points Herbert makes in his essay. What it appears Herbert is doing is trying to make the situation look as important as possible, that things are heading downhill. Herbert does not specifically assess blame for his claims. Cal Thomas the author of the next article capitalizes on that aspect, which he views as a weakness in Herbert’s essay. Cal Thomas a panelist on Fox News Watch and author of several books writes an article on the same subject titled Is the American Dream Over? Cal Thomas writes a more complex article. Thomas’ main point seems to be balance between arguing some of Herbert’s main points, and discussing some of the problems in our country that herbert also covered in his essays. Such as the school system and a seemingly dysfunctional government. Thomas goes on to better define the american dream in order to show it as something besides, as herbert implies in his last paragraph, dead (567). homas suggests â€Å"The rules for achieving the american dream may no longer be taught in and supported by culture but that doesn’t mean they don’t work† (570). Thomas leads his readers to infer that the american dream is as effective as it always has been, it has simply just gone out of style. Initially looking at these two articles it is easy to tell that they are full of contradic tions and disagreements. As we look deeper into these articles it is revealed that these two authors agree on much more than they would like to admit to. In discussions of the state of the American Dream there have been many controversial issues over the state of our government, school systems and the american dream. on one hand Bob herbert believes that overall the state of our country in relation to the american dream is in a dismal shape, Cal thomas, for similar reasons, also proposes that there are many things in our economy, and government that need fixing. On the matter of public school systems Herbert, as mentioned before, warns us that we have a public education system hanging by threads due to budget cuts. Herbert asserts â€Å"Now although we don’t want to admit it publicly, we’ve decided to go in another direction† (566). He states that the government has begun to shift its priorities from education to other things. Here, herbert reveals a common but imperative (In his eyes) value that is being thrown out the window by government budget cuts. The value being the importance of public education for our youth. He assumes the values to be social standard and uses them to show the malevolence of government budget cuts directed at public school systems. Cal thomas believes the state of our public school systems to be in bad shape paints the picture of â€Å"A monopolistic government school system locked in failing government schools, producing graduates (if in fact they do graduate) who lag behind in subjects that matter† (569). Here Thomas dives even deeper into the public education problem saying that not only is the government saturating the public school system in america but the information being learned is in part insignificant. With this herbert and thomas are in agreement. Thomas, though he would not want to admit it due to the fact that the overall purpose of his essay is a rebuttal of Herberts essay, is in agreement with Bob Herbert. They both openly state that the school systems are on a steep downhill slope caused by the government. the authors of these essays are clearly in agreement on the state of the public school system, what is less apparent is their underlying values behind these statements. Thomas shares Herberts implicit value that public education is very important. hen looking even deeper you notice that they both seem to be placing blame on the government. They are both implying an inherent immorality of the government system. which seems to be a consistent theme in both articles. On the topic of the american dream Herbert states â€Å"America will never get its act together until we recognize how much trouble were really in, and how much effort and shared sacrifice is needed to stop the decline. Only then will we be able to begin resu scitating the dream. † (567). Herbert implies here that our problems are so severe that we have much more work to do then society has led on, we have to make a big change in our lifestyles if we want to turn this country around. Like Herbert, Thomas also offers a solution to the diminishing state our country appears to be in, he claims â€Å"People who believe a politician of whatever party or persuasion can make their life better than individual initiative are doing more than dreaming; such persons are displaying a cult-like faith, which can never be fulfilled† (570). Thomas is using a what-not-to-do example here in order to imply that individual initiative is what is necessary to help improve the state of the american dream as well as the country. In summary, Herbert believes that it will take societal change in responsibility. We need to realize the gravity of our situation and put a great effort forth to fix it. Thomas with a different approach to the same problem suggests that we must stop relying on the politicians and begin relying on ourselves. It may appear that this is an example of a disagreement between the two men, it is not. hen we look under the surface we will notice they are actually in agreement. To see the similarities in the argument we must look at the hidden values behind what these men are saying, Starting with Thomas. when Cal brings up the concept of a solution it means he is implying there is a problem, in this case it is a unsatisfactory application of the american dream, the first of the hidden values that can be observe d from his statement. This value stems from Thomas and Herberts shared value that we have a mediocre government taking care of us. his leads back to one of the most basic values. The value of our society on an individual level. Thomas and herbert write their essays because they value the importance on each person’s quality of life. Thomas speaking of the overindulgence of our government affirms â€Å"This has produced a country of government addicts with an entitlement mentality. These twin maladies have eroded self-reliance, individual initiative, and personal accountability. † (569). Thomas states here that relying on the government is disintegrating our individuality and taking away our freedom, in a way. From this statement we learn that it is healthy for our society to think freely, and to be a healthy society we need a society of individuals, not sheep. This is how Thomas subtly reveals his underlying values that we as human beings are significantly important. Herbert with the same values states it in a different way. Herbert observes â€Å"If student test scores jumped a couple of points or the jobless rate fell by a point and a half, the politicians and the news media would crow as if something great had been achieved. That’s how people behave when they’re in denial. † (566). In herberts next sentence he offers a solution, affirming that indeed it is a problem for the media to veil the conditions in our country, and it is a problem for people to be unaware of it. What Bob is calling for is awareness, in other words he wants for our society to start thinking for themselves because that is the most necessary aspect to create change and reintroduce the american dream. It starts with a society with an individualistic mindset. So, in summary what herbert in thomas are saying is their most important value is that of your everyday Joe. In the sense of this value the two authors are in complete agreement. This is what motivated them to input their values. They want people to wake up and see the dismal reality they face, and make a change. In conclusion, although at first glance it appears that these are two conflicting arguments. It is true that the authors disagree with each other on certain aspects such as their definition and perception of the state of the american dream. One could even argue that they are in total disagreement, but when you begin to read in between the lines and look into their inherent values as people you will notice that their deepest values and morals are unidentifiable from one another. How to cite Hacker and Dreifus, Essay examples

Puerto Rico Essay Example For Students

Puerto Rico Essay Puerto RicoThe Caribbean before the landing of Columbus served almost as a bridgebetween the north coast of South America and Florida for the Amazoniantribes in the south and the north american inhabitants. When ChristopherColumbus on his second trip in 1493 landed in Puerto Rico and claimed it forSpain, he found the island populated by as many as 60,000 Arawak or Tainoindians, which for the most part, were friendly compared to the Carib indians insome of the more southerly islands which were warlike and to some degreecannibalistic. The conquest of the island didnt take long, and the peaceful Tainos were putto the task as slaves for the purpose of mining the gold that was found on theisland. The gold didnt last long and in 1511 there was an uprising of theTainos, who up to this point had believed that the Spaniards were Gods, andtook a soldier by the name of Sotomayor and dunked him head first in a riverfor several hours to see if he would die. Just in case, they had prepared a feastfor the Spaniard if he came out alive. However, it wasnt the Spanish swordthat took most of the lives of the Arawaks, but the diseases that were broughtfrom Europe and for which the indians had no defenses. In 1508 the first governor arrived, Juan Ponce de Le?n (who is more famousas the searcher for the fountain of youth and discoveror of the state of Florida). The island remained Spanish despite harassment and numerous conquestattempts by buccaneers and pirates and English and Dutch expeditions. Todefend the island against these threats, two forts, El Morro and SanCrist?bal,were built to guard the approaches to San Juan harbor. Defense ofthese forts foiled attempts by Sir Francis Drake in 1595, by another Englishfleet in 1598, and by the Dutch in 1625 to capture Puerto Rico for theirrespective empires. The defeat of the British in 1797 finally thwarted thatcountrys designs on the island, and the Spanish colony was kept intact. During the 16th to the 19th century Puerto Rico was characterized primarily byunderpopulation, poverty and neglect by Spain. It was mainly a garrison for theships that would pass on their way to or from the other and richer colonies. During this time as much as 10 or 11 years would pass between the arrival ofships from Spain and as trade with other countries was prohibited, the islandreverted to contraband trading with ships from England, Netherlands orwhomever would trade for the main produce of the island, which at that timewas ginger. This peasant agriculture continued until the early 19th century,when Spanish law was changed to allow unrestricted trade with the neighbors. The 19th century in Puerto Rico was characterized by a series of strict if notbrutal military governors which stifled the independence movements in PuertoRico that were shaking the foundations of its other American colonies. Slaveryand the importation of slaves reached its peak, with the need for workers onthe sugar and coffee plantations. Slavery, however, never reached the alarmingproportions of freemen to slaves as it did on the other colonies or even onparts of the United States. While in Haiti in 1789 the slaves comprised 90% ofthe population and in Jamaica 85%, in Puerto Rico in 1834 the censusestablished that 11% of the population were slaves, 35% were coloredfreemen and 54% were white. It was only until 1873, however, that slaverywas finally abolished in Puerto Rico. .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3 , .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3 .postImageUrl , .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3 , .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3:hover , .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3:visited , .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3:active { border:0!important; } .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3:active , .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3 .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucd9ad790da00749265727502c3f667d3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Good Man Is Hard To Find EssayHistory Essays

The French And Indian War As A Cause Of The Americ Essay Example For Students

The French And Indian War As A Cause Of The Americ Essay an RevolutionAt the outset of the eighteenth century, the Ohio Valley can identified as the maincatalyst in triggering open hostilities between the French and the Americans. The Frenchoccupied parts of Canada but also wanted a stake in America. Its means to do this wasthrough the Ohio Valley it maintained. However, the colonists were bound to permeatethis area in their push towards the west. And as they did, competition for the lush landsflared up and came to a breaking point. This directly lead to the French and Indian Warwith the Indians, for the most part, siding with the French against Britain. The events andsentiments that took place during and immediately after the French and Indian War(1754-1763) were extremely important in contributing to the outset of the AmericanRevolution. By looking at the perspectives of the two diverging peoples, it is evidentthere is a strong contrast, which lead to increasing tensions. We will write a custom essay on The French And Indian War As A Cause Of The Americ specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The intermingling of arrogant British redcoats and the proud colonial militiamenprecariously produced a strong mutual dislike and contempt. The majority of Britishofficers hated colonial service and took great care to avoid it. After all, America was astrange wilderness to them. The West Indies specifically were infested withdisease-carrying pests, and fevers were known to kill hundreds of men. Britains found thecolonists uncooperative and very reluctant to serve for their country. Religious minoritygroups especially opposed to war â€Å"could play hell with appropriations.† (Chidsey) Forexample, the Quakers absolutely would not fight to protect their very own homes andrefused to be taxed for a war because they thought, according to their religion, it wassinful. Most colonists altogether refused to contribute money. It was not until WilliamPitt offered to reimburse them a share of the money did they render some wealth, thoughnot much (Bailey 98). When American recruits finally dribbled in, they were primitive inmilitary customs. Some even deserted camp, and when they were seized and broughtback to camp, they were whipped. British General Braddock went so far as to forewarnhis soldiers of a penalty of hanging for the next that deserted him. The colonists, having always thought the British militia to be noble andindomitable, were shocked at their behavior. The almighty Redcoats were actuallyrunning and hiding in battle times when they should have proved valorous. The Britishwere probably embarrassed too over a childish rivalry between English generals WilliamJohnson and Governor William Shirley at Fort Albany. Competition arose because ofShirley’s greed for Indian allies, and neglecting Johnson simultaneously. Theyimmaturely wrote secret letters about each other, getting others involved and annoyed. Afactor also contributing to the disappointment of the colonists is how the Britishconsistently fought a European war instead of a new style war, partic ularly guerrillawarfare (based on sneak attack and using camouflage), which limited their success andsometimes determined failure. Impressment prevailed for part of the war, adding insult tooutrage. Impressment refers to the British sending â€Å"press gangs† from their warships tobring in mariners to serve in the British ships. They received little to no pay, and about900 of the seamen died leaving their families bereft and embittered (Reeder). With boththe Americans and the English referring to each other as cowardly dogs, conflict becamemore personal between people than just between two land areas. Although still disunited, the colonies were beginning to melt this hindrance,sometimes without knowing it, to realize they shared more in common with each otherthan with those of the mother country. The disunity that had predominated since thefounding of the colonies can be accounted for and understood because of geographicalbarriers like rivers and lack of roads, diverse religions, mixed nationalities, variousgovernments, boundary disputes, social classes, different currencies at altered worths ineach colony, and jealousy. As British Sir Winston Churchhill said, â€Å"They were united indistrusting the home government but in little else.† However, steps were being taken,sometimes not even purposely, to promote rapport among the colonies. Newspapers, forinstance, not only covered the war effort, but they also promoted a unity of consciousnessfor the colonies. Through these reports and therefore awareness, the English were warnedof French troops moving southward from Canada and of the French master plan tocapture the continent in 1753. The Albany Plan of Union was a positive step in achievingunion. The ingenious Benjamin Franklin proposed a layout of creating a central militaryfund and appointing a military governor. He was, unfortunately, ahead of his time and thecolonies voted his proposal down because it provided too much central power andtherefore less power to the states. The king also would have vetoed it because it â€Å"smelledof independence.† (Chidsey) Despite this failure, unity was still obtained somewhatthrough the simplicity of soldiers gathering from different colonies. Interaction with eachother, in times of battle and also just in eating dinner together and gathering aroundcampfires to ward off the cold, revealed their singularity and questioned the Britishmonarch, with whom they often had nothing in common. They found they spoke thesame language, shared the same problems concerning England, and for the most part hadmutual ideals. Having unity, especially in having a common defense and a strongcommon cause, is extremely important in a revolution. One could even say that it isindispensable. Therefore, building a common cause and subsequent unity was in directconflict with the English. To the disgust and aversion of the British, some of the colonists were committingtreason by smuggling goods to the enemy. Officials in Paris had, partly because of theBritish Navy, abruptly limited importation on items such as rum and molasses in theFrench West Indies. These planters were desperate to feed themselves and also theirslaves, and found salvation through the colonists. Commerce centers, in particularNewport, Rhode Island, Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia enjoyed surplus wealththrough this traitorous trade. The English, of course, were shocked at their subjects’disloyalty. The British navy was determined and working ardently to starve the French byblockading their ports, and at the same time the colonyâ⠂¬â„¢s shippers were using fraudulentpapers to trade foodstuffs with the adversary. The blockading of the St. Lawrence River,the only entrance to New France, was especially dangerous and difficult. This treacheryled directly to the end of a period of salutary neglect, where the Navigation and TradeLaws were loosely enforced. This itself led later on to the loathed writs of assistance,which were unrestrained search warrants that entirely violated the colonists’ privacy. .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .postImageUrl , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:hover , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:visited , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:active { border:0!important; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:active , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Morality. It has been questioned by people, honore Analysis EssayWhat the British perceived as reprehensible treason, the colonists saw as a golden tradewhich they had an absolute right to do. Upon issuance of the Proclamation Act of 1763, a misinterpretation in thecolonies and failure to communicate thoroughly provoked outrage in America. TheBritish government, fearing that settlers migrating into the new lands would provoke aseries of Indian wars, like that of Pontiac’s Rebellion, believed that the lands should beopened to colonists on a more gradual basis (Reeder). The King’s Cabinet Counciltherefore prohibited settlement in the area east of the Appalachian Mountains. TheEnglish saw little other alternative. Both the Treaty of Easton in 1758 with the OhioValley Indians (which was ratified by the king), and in the avowals of such militaryvanguards as Colonel Bouquet, the Indians were assured security in the lands west of theAppalachians. This was their compensation for deserting their French allies (Gipson 87). However, the colonists found extreme indignity in this. After all, had they not just shedblood and endured a war to obtain this land? In 1788, groups such as the Patrick Henrygroup in Virginia and the Richard Henderson group in North Carolina decided to movewest, in open defiance of the crown. Within that same year people were moving west bythe thousands. The Proclamation of 1763 was one of the first documents issued to governthe colonies, and it required those already settled in the specified regions to return east. Although it was laxly enforced, the colonists refused to tolerate this, and tension over theProclamation Act was inevitable. The British felt the colonies they had protected should shoulder some of theresponsibility of the enormous debt England had incurred, but were faced withdiscrepancy from the colonists. The debt of England was the largest ever induced in awar, totaling 140 million pounds, about half of which had been contracted in defendingthe American colonies. The severe debt, though, was of little concern compared to thethirty-five hundred thousand pounds it would cost to supply and train 10,000 troops forthe protection of the colonies (Jennings 145). When the French were removed from theNorth, the British wanted the seacoast colonies to continue raising fresh bodies of militiaso that they could take over routine guard duties, releasing regulars for service in theCaribbean area (Chidsey 145). The colonies, however, were generally altogether sick ofwar. They simply did not want a standing army and did not want to be taxed. Thecolonists felt this was justified through the notorious slogan â€Å"no t axation withoutrepresentation†. There were no colonists in the English Parliament, therefore they feltthey could not be taxed. The Grenville Program, first consisting of revenues with the solepurpose of generating funds, was abhorred in the colonies. Their determination to havetheir way fiancinally, although residents of England most definitely carried the burden ofthe debt, was a threat to British government, and harsher programs were enforced, pavingthe way to revolution. The war helped to bring about important changes in the British colonies. Inaddition to the fact of their ocean-wide distance from the mother country, the coloniesfelt themselves less dependent militarily on the British by the end of the war. Theybecame most concerned with their own problems and put greater value on their owninstitutions. The French and Indian War prepared colonists for later battles; it was thenthat good leaders such as Washington, Stark, Putnam, and Pomeroy gained invaluableexperience. In other words, the colonists began to think of themselves as American ratherthan British. The English had become exasperated in handling the unsatisfiable colonies. .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .postImageUrl , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:hover , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:visited , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:active { border:0!important; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:active , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jesus Christ EssayEverything they did seemed to do was met with discordance. Revolution, though notknown at the time, was imminent. BibliographyBailey, Thomas and Kennedy, David. The American Pageant. 9th ed. Massachusetts:D.C. Heath and Company, 1991. Chidsey, Donald. The French and Indian War. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc.,1969. Gipson, Lawrence. â€Å"The American Revolution As An Aftermath Of the Great War Forthe Empire.† The Causes Of the American Revolution. Ed. by John Wahkle. Boston: D.C. Heath and Company, 1950, 82-94. Jennings, Francis. Empire of Fortune. 1st Ed. New York: W.W. Norton Company,1988. Reeder, Colonel Red. The French and Indian War. New York: Thomas Nelson Inc.,1972. History Essays

Science and Religion essays

Science and Religion essays Did a Biblically Inspired Mentality Play a Role in the Development of Modern Science? Before this question can be addressed, you must first define what modern science consists of. I see modern science as the past one hundred years of electrical, mechanical, physical, and galactic discovery. Modern science is exemplified through recent knowledge, and understanding of human healing. From evolution on earth to biological organisms found on mars you will also see the unrestrained results of modern science. Modern science has separated its self from the restrictive and faith based religious community. Modern science cant be logically linked to some form of religious influenced methodology. This is because Modern science has developed its own method of thinking. This scientific method is a factual and strictly guided methodology where there is no room for faith in an unknown entity. Early scientists were bound by a religious method of reasoning which crippled them in explanation and presentation of their discoveries and inventions. They had to somehow present their ideas to a public who wouldnt accept them without some divine intervention making them possible. Through reinterpretation of biblical sources, they could justify and qualify their work. Religious sources lend themselves to reinterpretation by their mythical and unverifiable nature. This can be seen anytime of the day through bad television preachers and mentally unstable cults who use the events and stories of the bible to represent and validate their own personal agendas. With some creativity, nearly any topic or idea can be verified through strategically selected and organized pieces of the bible. Through the 18th and 19th century, people found themselves presented with several new ideas and inventions which were evidently created by man and were far from divine. The steam engine allowed travel, communication, and transportati...

Clinical Supervision Reflection and Action Plan Essay

Clinical Supervision Reflection and Action Plan - Essay Example Other fields have also embraced the concept of clinical supervision with a variation of the same though under a different name altogether. This paper is going to focus on the various aspects of clinical supervision. It will begin with a brief background of the concept. A definition of the concept will be provided for purposes of understanding what clinical supervision is all about. It will then look at what happens in clinical supervision including the various stages involved. It will then provide a reflection of the good things that I encountered during clinical supervision before also looking at the bad things in clinical supervision. The paper will then look at some of the key issues in clinical supervision outlining their importance and how to improve on them in the future. This will then be followed by a discussion of some of the challenges that I faced and the mechanisms that I put in place to overcome them. The paper will conclude explaining why clinical supervision is important in nursing and the difference that it makes in the entire profession. Clinical supervision There has been a longstanding assumption in the medical field that nurses and midwives for that matter â€Å"learn on the Job† but in true sense there have been very few mechanisms that are put in place to ensure this aspect happens (Bryant, 2010, p. 36 ). Clinical supervision is an aspect that was introduced way back in the early 1990’s to describe a systematic structure for professional development for nurses and midwives. This concept was seen as a means of bringing together the aspect of reflection, development, individual responsibility and accountability within a framework that offers support and promotes safe practices (Gordon, 2000, p. 27). The overall intention of introducing this concept is to be able to promote safe practice and help in identifying the wilful bad practices that are exemplified nurses at the workplace and how these can be avoided in future operations (Bryant, 2010, p. 37 ). The NMC viewed the practices by nurses as individual responsibility an d therefore in 1993 they put forward a code that stated â€Å"As a professional you are personally accountable for actions and omissions in your practice and must always be able to justify your decisions.† This showed the aspect of individual responsibility and accountability (NMC, 2008). The council later on realized the importance of clinical supervision as being essential to accountable nursing practice and therefore endorsed its adoption in every branch of nursing. However the implementation of this aspect was essentially left to the practitioners in the individualized or local situations (Jeremy & Suresh, 2007, p. 412). The council still supports the aspect of clinical supervision but believes that it is better developed at local levels in line with the local needs of the population (Bryant, 2010, p. 39 ). Clinical supervision is therefore described as â€Å"regular protected time for facilitated, in-depth reflection on clinical practice aimed to enable the supervisee t o achieve, sustain and creatively develop a high quality of practice through the means of focused support and development.† (NCNM, 2008, p. 2) Brunero & Stein-Parbury (2008, p. 87) define clinical supervision as â€Å" a process of professional support and learning in which nurses are assisted in developing their practice through regular discussion time with experienced and knowledgeable colleagues.† It is evident from this that the principle of discussion is used in clinical supervision. Discussion or reflection is used to assist the nurse’s figure out what happened in a given situation and what

How To Be Idle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

How To Be Idle - Essay Example However, there is a deeper insight that Hodgkinson is trying to convey to readers of the book. He is simply telling us that doing nothing can be as good as doing something because it has psychological and physical benefits. First of all, idleness can be a form of relaxation to stop us from completely ruining our physical health. It is not uncommon nowadays to see middle-aged managers suffering from diabetes or heart conditions. More often than not, these busy lot of young leaders resort to unhealthy habits like smoking or over-eating as a coping mechanism to stress. They run like headless chickens when deadlines set in and fire orders like missiles to their subordinates. Later, they succumb to various health conditions because they simply failed to stop and smell the flowers. These people would extract productivity from most of their waking hours by doing work-related tasks even on moments where they could be just resting. In fact, even on a very busy workday, there is time to breath e and daydream. Hodgkinson advocates daydreaming or meditation when caught in circumstances that leaves us no choice but to wait like being stuck in a traffic jam (228). Apparently, traffic jams are blessings because these situations are beyond our control despite all the planning we can make. Normally, when a busy person gets caught in a traffic jam, he starts calling on other people to arrange matters due to delay. Busy people would never consider an idle time. On the other hand, the art of idleness teaches us to pray, meditate or daydream which can be more productive and healthy for our psychological well-being. Prayer and meditation calms the body and lowers blood pressure. A power nap is also good especially on long trips because we can recharge our brain. Daydreaming brings forth our creative thinking that can help us solve some conflicts that we are dealing with. Busy people often miss out the benefits that they can derive from such idle tasks that Hodgkinson suggests. Actual ly, the author is not telling people to be lazy and counter-productive. He is teaching us to rewire ourselves and explore the advantages of using idle time to make us more productive. Another issue that this book is trying to emphasize is the struggle between quantity and quality. The set-up of our lives depends on parameters that are quantitative in nature. For example, a person who goes to the gym boasts of the number of hours spent on doing exercises rather than the quality of the routine. Instead of feeling good about being able to exercise, fitness buffs would worry about the calories they eat or the hours they spent at the gym. Hodgkinson cited the nap that Winston Churchill took every afternoon which made him very productive later. Likewise, if we want our bodies to grow muscle or lose weight, we need to sleep well. Sleep helps us regenerate and heal from the normal wear and tear of daily living. What more when we are subjected to daily stressful situations? Well, not far beh ind would be insomnia, depression, and burn-out. The mind and body also breaks down at a certain point. People normally think that more is better when the real maxim of living is quality not quantity. Lives should have more breadth or depth rather than a bunch of jam packed hours that crams tasks or things-to-do. While being organized is a good idea, too much of

Should America legalize marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Should America legalize marijuana - Essay Example has some pivotal active ingredients such as cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinol which help to increase appetite, reduce pain and provide relaxation. The positive benefit of legalization can benefit America at the time of economic struggle. It has the potential to create more jobs and lower the crime rate of the country. Scientifically, it has been approved that consumption of marijuana is less destructive than that of other drugs, such as alcohol, aspirin and tobacco. Scarce laws and a mammoth amount of money spent for the prevention of marijuana sale can be used for the betterment of the country. A significant amount of tax revenue can be generated from the sales of marijuana, which would benefit local and state government of America. This essay will discuss the legalization of marijuana in America that can help to enhance a positive economic growth rate of the country and diminish the amount of crime. The legalization of marijuana can be viewed as a controversial topic in society. The historical use of medical marijuana has been around for ages. In United States of America, the application of medical marijuana has a long history. It has been revealed from the documents that use of marijuana is considered as a regular activity from 1900 to 1940. Over the past years there have been search for a medicine or drug that can aid people to get respite from the vast burden of life. Medical marijuana is the potential medicine of getting relief from stress of life. Day to day pressure of people to sustain in the competitive market and reduction of stress have been the pivotal factors for the downgrade of happiness and enjoyment. Eventually new laws were implemented to crack down the use of marijuana, cocaine and drugs in United States of America. Over the period of time, strict laws were adopted to reduce the use of marijuana and make it illegal. The implementation of strict laws on marijua na started from early 80s. From early 80s laws became much more

Analysing Types Of Collection System Engineering Essay

Analysing Types Of Collection System Engineering Essay Based on their mode of operation, collection systems are classified into two categories: hauled-container systems and stationary-container systems. Hauled-Container Systems (HCS): Collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes are hauled to the processing, transfer, or disposal site, emptied, and returned to either their original location or some other location are defined as hauled-container systems. There are two main types of hauled-container systems: (1) tilt-frame container and (2) trash-trailer. The collector is responsible for driving the vehicle, loading full containers and unloading empty containers, and emptying the contents of the container at the disposal site. In some cases, for safety reasons, both a driver and helper are used. Systems that use tilt-frame-loaded vehicles and large containers, often called drop boxes, are ideally suited for the collection of all types of solid waste and rubbish from locations where the generation rate warrants the use of large containers. Open-top containers are used routinely at warehouses and construction sites. Large containers used in conjunction with stationary compactors are common at commercial and industrial services and at transfer stations. Because of the large volume that can be hauled, the use of tilt-frame hauled container systems has become widespread, especially among private collectors servicing industrial accounts. The application of trash-trailers is similar to that of tilt-frame container systems. Trash-trailers are better for the collection of especially heavy rubbish, such as sand, timber, and metal scrap, and often are used for the collection of demolition wastes at construction sites. Stationary-Container Systems (SCS): Collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at the point of waste generation, except when moved for collection are defined as stationary-container systems. Labor requirements for mechanically loaded stationary-container systems are essentially the same as for hauled-container systems. There are two main types of stationary-container systems: (1) those in which self-loading compactors are used and (2) those in which manually loaded vehicles are used. Because a variety of container sizes and types are available, these systems may be used for the collection of all types of wastes. The major application of manual transfer and loading methods is in the collection of residential wastes and litter. Manual methods are used for the collection of industrial wastes where pickup points are inaccessible to the collection vehicle. Collection Routes: Once the equipment labor requirements have been determined, collection routes must be laid out so both the work force equipment are used effectively. In general, the layout of collection routes is a trial-and-error process. There are no fixed rules that can be applied to all situations. Some of the factors that should be taken into consideration when laying out routes are as follows:(1) existing company policies and regulations related to such items as the point of collection and frequency of collection must be identified, (2) existing system conditions such as crew size and vehicle types must be coordinated, (3) wastes generated at traffic-congested locations should be collected as early in the day as possible, (4) sources at which extremely large quantities of wastes are generated should be serviced during the first part of the day, and (5) scattered pickup points where small quantities of solid wastes are generated should, if possible, be serviced during one trip or on the same day, if they receive the same collection frequency. Layout of Routes: The layout of collection routes is a four-step process. First, prepare location maps. On a relatively large-scale map of the area to be serviced, the following data should be plotted for each solid-waste pickup point: location, number of containers, collection frequency, and, if a stationary-container system with self-loading compactors is used, the estimated quantity of wastes to be collected at each pickup location. Second, prepare data summaries. Estimate the quantity of wastes to be collected from pickup location serviced each day that the collection operation is to be conducted. Where a stationary-container system is used, the number of locations that will be serviced during each pickup cycle must also be determined. Third, lay out preliminary collection routes starting from the dispatch station or where the collection vehicles are parked. A route should be laid out that connects all the pickup locations to be serviced during each collection day. The route should be laid out so that the last location is nearest the disposal site. Fourth, develop balanced routes. After the preliminary collection routes have been laid out, the haul distance for each route should be determined. Next, determine the labor requirements per day and check against the available work times per day. In some cases it may be necessary to readjust the collection routes to balance the work load and the distance traveled. After the balanced routes have been established, they should be drawn on the master map. Schedules: A master schedule for each collection route should be prepared for use by the engineering department and the transportation dispatcher. A schedule for each route, on which can be found the location and order of each pickup point to he serviced, should he prepared for the driver. In addition, a route book should be maintained by each truck driver. Transfer and transport: The functional element of transfer and transport refers to the means, facilities, and appurtenances used to effect the transfer of wastes from relatively small collection vehicles to larger vehicles and to transport them over extended distances to either processing centers or disposal sites. Transfer and transport operations become a necessity when haul distances to available disposal sites or processing centers increase to the point that direct hauling is no longer economically feasible. Transfer Station: Important factors that must be considered in the design of transfer stations include: type of transfer operation to be used, (2) capacity requirements, (3) equipment and accessory requirements, and (4) environmental requirements. Type of Transfer Station: Depending on the method used to load the transport vehicles, transfer stations may be classified into three types: direct discharge, storage discharge, and combined direct and storage discharge. Direct Discharge: In a direct-discharge transfer station, wastes from the collection vehicles usually are emptied directly into the vehicle to be used to transport them to a place of final disposition. To accomplish this, these transfer stations usually are constructed in a two-level arrangement. The unloading dock or platform from which wastes from collection vehicles are discharged into the transport trailers is elevated, or the transport trailers are located in a depressed ramp. Direct-discharge transfer stations employing stationary compactors are also popular. Typical direct discharge transfer station Storage Discharge: In the storage-discharge transfer station, wastes are emptied either into a storage pit or onto a platform from which they are loaded into transport vehicles by various types of auxiliary equipment. In a storage-discharge transfer station, the storage volume varies from about one-half to two daysà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ volume of wastes. Typical storage discharge transfer station Combined Direct and Storage Discharge: In some transfer stations, both direct-discharge and storage-discharge methods are used. Usually, these are multipurpose facilities designed to service a broader range of users than a single-purpose facility. In addition to serving a broader range of users, a multipurpose transfer station can also house a materials-salvage operation. Capacity Requirements: The operational capacity of a transfer station must be such that the collection vehicles do not have to wait too long to unload. In most cases, it will not be cost- effective to design the station to handle the ultimate peak number of hourly loads. An economic trade-off analysis should be made between the annual cost for the time spent by the collection vehicles waiting to unload against the incremental annual cost of a larger transfer station and/or the use of more transport equipment. Because of the increased cost of transport equipment, a trade-off analysis must also be made between the capacity of the transfer station and the cost of the transport operation, including both equipment and labor components. Equipment and Accessory Requirements: The types and amounts of equipment required vary with the capacity of the station and its function in the waste-management system. Specifically, scales should be provided at all medium and large transfer stations both to monitor the operation and to develop meaningful management and engineering data. Environmental Requirements: Most of the large, modern transfer stations are enclosed and are constructed of materials that can be maintained and cleaned easily. For direct-discharge transfer stations with open loading areas, special attention must be given to the problem of blowing papers. Wind screens or other barriers are commonly used. Regardless of the type of station, the design and construction should such that all accessible areas where rubbish or paper can accumulate are eliminated. Location of Transfer Station: Whenever possible, transfer stations should be located (1) as near as possible to the weighted center of the individual solid-waste production areas to be served, (2) within easy access of major arterial highway routes as well as near secondary or supplemental means of transportation, (3) where there will be a minimum of public environmental objection to the transfer operations, and (4) where construction and operation will be most economical. Additionally, if the transfer- station site is to be used for processing operations involving materials recovery and/or energy production, the requirements for those operations must be considered. Transfer Means Methods: Motor vehicles, railroads, and ocean-going vessels are the principal means now used to transport solid wastes. Pneumatic and hydraulic systems have also been used. Motor Vehicle Transport: Motor vehicles used to transport solid wastes on highways should satisfy the following requirements: (1) the vehicles must transport wastes at minimum cost, (2) wastes must be covered during the haul operation, (3) vehicles must be designed for highway traffic, (4) vehicle capacity must be such that allowable weight limits are not exceeded, and (5) methods used for unloading must be simple and dependable; The maximum volume that can be hauled highway transport vehicles depends on the regulations in force in the state in which they are operated. Methods used to unload the transport trailers may be classified according to whether they are self-emptying or require the aid of auxiliary equipment. Self-emptying transport trailers are equipped with mechanisms such as hydraulic dump beds, powered diaphragms or moving floors that are part of the vehicle. Moving-floor trailers are an adaptation of equipment used in the construction industry. An advantage of the moving-floor trailer is the rapid turnaround time (typically 6 to 10 mm) achieved at the disposal site without the need for auxiliary equipment. Unloading systems that require auxiliary equipment are usually of the à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"pull-offà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  type, in which the wastes are pulled out of the truck by either a movable bulkhead or wire-cable slings placed forward of the load. The disadvantage of requiring auxiliary equipment and work force to unload at the disposal site is relatively minor in view of the simplicity and reliability of these metho ds. Another auxiliary unloading system that has proved very effective and efficient involves the use of movable, hydraulically operated tipping ramps located at the disposal site. Operationally, the semitrailer of a tractor-trailer- trailer combination is backed up onto one of the tipping ramps; the tractor-trailer combination is backed up onto a second tipping ramp. The backs of the trailers are opened, and the units are then liked upward until the wastes fall out by gravity. The time required for the entire unloading operation typically is about 5 mm/trip. Large-capacity containers and container trailers are used in conjunction with stationary compactors at transfer stations. In some cases, the compaction mechanism is an integral part of the container. When containers are equipped with a self-contained compaction mechanism, the movable bulkhead used to compress the wastes is also used to discharge the compacted wastes. Railroad Transport: Although railroads were commonly used for the transport of solid wastes in the past, they are now used by only a few communities. However, renewed interest is again developing in the use of railroads for hauling solid wastes, especially to remote areas where highway travel is difficult and railroad lines now exist. Water Transport: Barges, scows, and special boats have been used in the past to transport solid wastes to processing locations and to seaside and ocean disposal sites, but ocean disposal is no longer practiced by the United States. Although some self-propelled vessels (such as United States Navy garbage scows and other special boats) were once used, the most common practice was to use vessels towed by tugs or other special boats. Pneumatic Transport: Both low-pressure air and vacuum conduit transport systems have been used to transport solid wastes. The most common application is the transport of wastes from high-density apartments or commercial activities to a central location for processing or for loading into transport vehicles. The largest pneumatic system now in use in the United States is at the Walt Disney World amusement park in Orlando, Florida.

Sonnys Blues :: essays research papers

Brothers tend to grow apart yet eventually find a way to revive an old beat up relationship. These brothers grew up on the rough streets of Harlem and went their separate ways. Sonny was a drug-addicted musician and his older brother was a high school algebra teacher with a family. The way the two brothers reunite through addiction, memories and strife make their bond seem stronger than ever. Sonny’s Blues, by James Baldwin, is a story about enlightenment through brotherhood when Sonny and his brother go to the club. Sonny’s brother saw the newspaper while he was on his way to work and realized that his little brother was in trouble because of drugs. The beginning of the enlightenment started when Sonny’s brother ran into the man who got Sonny started on heroin, or how they call it â€Å"horse.† â€Å"A great block of ice got settled in my belly and kept melting there slowly all day long, while I taught my classes algebra. It was a special kind of ice. It kept melting. Sending trickles of ice water all up and down my veins but it never got less. Sometimes it hardened and seemed to expand until I felt my guts were going to come spilling out or that I was going to choke or scream. This would always be at the moment when I was remembering some specific thing Sonny had once said or done.† The fact that Sonny’s brother wanted to have nothing to do with helping Sonny made it seem that he did not care that his brother was killing himself but deep down he knew that I wa s killing him too. Sonny’s brother felt like he had to help Sonny but he should not because his brother got himself into the drug scene. Sonny’s brother and him finally decided to reconcile when Gracie, Sonny’s niece, passed away at a young age. The brothers wrote back and forth and one thing became clear to Sonny’s brother, music affected him. Sonny’s brother always saw the music/jazz scene as an unhealthy lifestyle full of drugs and scandal. The only thing Sonny would really reinforce was that it was not because of the music. Sonny came back to New York after rehab from heroin and came to see the old neighborhood in Harlem. The brothers see that they have so much to be thankful for and that they will always have each other.