The French And Indian War As A Cause Of The Americ Essay Example For Students

The French And Indian War As A Cause Of The Americ Essay an RevolutionAt the outset of the eighteenth century, the Ohio Valley can identified as the maincatalyst in triggering open hostilities between the French and the Americans. The Frenchoccupied parts of Canada but also wanted a stake in America. Its means to do this wasthrough the Ohio Valley it maintained. However, the colonists were bound to permeatethis area in their push towards the west. And as they did, competition for the lush landsflared up and came to a breaking point. This directly lead to the French and Indian Warwith the Indians, for the most part, siding with the French against Britain. The events andsentiments that took place during and immediately after the French and Indian War(1754-1763) were extremely important in contributing to the outset of the AmericanRevolution. By looking at the perspectives of the two diverging peoples, it is evidentthere is a strong contrast, which lead to increasing tensions. We will write a custom essay on The French And Indian War As A Cause Of The Americ specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The intermingling of arrogant British redcoats and the proud colonial militiamenprecariously produced a strong mutual dislike and contempt. The majority of Britishofficers hated colonial service and took great care to avoid it. After all, America was astrange wilderness to them. The West Indies specifically were infested withdisease-carrying pests, and fevers were known to kill hundreds of men. Britains found thecolonists uncooperative and very reluctant to serve for their country. Religious minoritygroups especially opposed to war â€Å"could play hell with appropriations.† (Chidsey) Forexample, the Quakers absolutely would not fight to protect their very own homes andrefused to be taxed for a war because they thought, according to their religion, it wassinful. Most colonists altogether refused to contribute money. It was not until WilliamPitt offered to reimburse them a share of the money did they render some wealth, thoughnot much (Bailey 98). When American recruits finally dribbled in, they were primitive inmilitary customs. Some even deserted camp, and when they were seized and broughtback to camp, they were whipped. British General Braddock went so far as to forewarnhis soldiers of a penalty of hanging for the next that deserted him. The colonists, having always thought the British militia to be noble andindomitable, were shocked at their behavior. The almighty Redcoats were actuallyrunning and hiding in battle times when they should have proved valorous. The Britishwere probably embarrassed too over a childish rivalry between English generals WilliamJohnson and Governor William Shirley at Fort Albany. Competition arose because ofShirley’s greed for Indian allies, and neglecting Johnson simultaneously. Theyimmaturely wrote secret letters about each other, getting others involved and annoyed. Afactor also contributing to the disappointment of the colonists is how the Britishconsistently fought a European war instead of a new style war, partic ularly guerrillawarfare (based on sneak attack and using camouflage), which limited their success andsometimes determined failure. Impressment prevailed for part of the war, adding insult tooutrage. Impressment refers to the British sending â€Å"press gangs† from their warships tobring in mariners to serve in the British ships. They received little to no pay, and about900 of the seamen died leaving their families bereft and embittered (Reeder). With boththe Americans and the English referring to each other as cowardly dogs, conflict becamemore personal between people than just between two land areas. Although still disunited, the colonies were beginning to melt this hindrance,sometimes without knowing it, to realize they shared more in common with each otherthan with those of the mother country. The disunity that had predominated since thefounding of the colonies can be accounted for and understood because of geographicalbarriers like rivers and lack of roads, diverse religions, mixed nationalities, variousgovernments, boundary disputes, social classes, different currencies at altered worths ineach colony, and jealousy. As British Sir Winston Churchhill said, â€Å"They were united indistrusting the home government but in little else.† However, steps were being taken,sometimes not even purposely, to promote rapport among the colonies. Newspapers, forinstance, not only covered the war effort, but they also promoted a unity of consciousnessfor the colonies. Through these reports and therefore awareness, the English were warnedof French troops moving southward from Canada and of the French master plan tocapture the continent in 1753. The Albany Plan of Union was a positive step in achievingunion. The ingenious Benjamin Franklin proposed a layout of creating a central militaryfund and appointing a military governor. He was, unfortunately, ahead of his time and thecolonies voted his proposal down because it provided too much central power andtherefore less power to the states. The king also would have vetoed it because it â€Å"smelledof independence.† (Chidsey) Despite this failure, unity was still obtained somewhatthrough the simplicity of soldiers gathering from different colonies. Interaction with eachother, in times of battle and also just in eating dinner together and gathering aroundcampfires to ward off the cold, revealed their singularity and questioned the Britishmonarch, with whom they often had nothing in common. They found they spoke thesame language, shared the same problems concerning England, and for the most part hadmutual ideals. Having unity, especially in having a common defense and a strongcommon cause, is extremely important in a revolution. One could even say that it isindispensable. Therefore, building a common cause and subsequent unity was in directconflict with the English. To the disgust and aversion of the British, some of the colonists were committingtreason by smuggling goods to the enemy. Officials in Paris had, partly because of theBritish Navy, abruptly limited importation on items such as rum and molasses in theFrench West Indies. These planters were desperate to feed themselves and also theirslaves, and found salvation through the colonists. Commerce centers, in particularNewport, Rhode Island, Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia enjoyed surplus wealththrough this traitorous trade. The English, of course, were shocked at their subjects’disloyalty. The British navy was determined and working ardently to starve the French byblockading their ports, and at the same time the colonyâ⠂¬â„¢s shippers were using fraudulentpapers to trade foodstuffs with the adversary. The blockading of the St. Lawrence River,the only entrance to New France, was especially dangerous and difficult. This treacheryled directly to the end of a period of salutary neglect, where the Navigation and TradeLaws were loosely enforced. This itself led later on to the loathed writs of assistance,which were unrestrained search warrants that entirely violated the colonists’ privacy. .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .postImageUrl , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:hover , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:visited , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:active { border:0!important; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:active , .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048 .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua083e479bb7c1b79b96b74ca50c04048:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Morality. It has been questioned by people, honore Analysis EssayWhat the British perceived as reprehensible treason, the colonists saw as a golden tradewhich they had an absolute right to do. Upon issuance of the Proclamation Act of 1763, a misinterpretation in thecolonies and failure to communicate thoroughly provoked outrage in America. TheBritish government, fearing that settlers migrating into the new lands would provoke aseries of Indian wars, like that of Pontiac’s Rebellion, believed that the lands should beopened to colonists on a more gradual basis (Reeder). The King’s Cabinet Counciltherefore prohibited settlement in the area east of the Appalachian Mountains. TheEnglish saw little other alternative. Both the Treaty of Easton in 1758 with the OhioValley Indians (which was ratified by the king), and in the avowals of such militaryvanguards as Colonel Bouquet, the Indians were assured security in the lands west of theAppalachians. This was their compensation for deserting their French allies (Gipson 87). However, the colonists found extreme indignity in this. After all, had they not just shedblood and endured a war to obtain this land? In 1788, groups such as the Patrick Henrygroup in Virginia and the Richard Henderson group in North Carolina decided to movewest, in open defiance of the crown. Within that same year people were moving west bythe thousands. The Proclamation of 1763 was one of the first documents issued to governthe colonies, and it required those already settled in the specified regions to return east. Although it was laxly enforced, the colonists refused to tolerate this, and tension over theProclamation Act was inevitable. The British felt the colonies they had protected should shoulder some of theresponsibility of the enormous debt England had incurred, but were faced withdiscrepancy from the colonists. The debt of England was the largest ever induced in awar, totaling 140 million pounds, about half of which had been contracted in defendingthe American colonies. The severe debt, though, was of little concern compared to thethirty-five hundred thousand pounds it would cost to supply and train 10,000 troops forthe protection of the colonies (Jennings 145). When the French were removed from theNorth, the British wanted the seacoast colonies to continue raising fresh bodies of militiaso that they could take over routine guard duties, releasing regulars for service in theCaribbean area (Chidsey 145). The colonies, however, were generally altogether sick ofwar. They simply did not want a standing army and did not want to be taxed. Thecolonists felt this was justified through the notorious slogan â€Å"no t axation withoutrepresentation†. There were no colonists in the English Parliament, therefore they feltthey could not be taxed. The Grenville Program, first consisting of revenues with the solepurpose of generating funds, was abhorred in the colonies. Their determination to havetheir way fiancinally, although residents of England most definitely carried the burden ofthe debt, was a threat to British government, and harsher programs were enforced, pavingthe way to revolution. The war helped to bring about important changes in the British colonies. Inaddition to the fact of their ocean-wide distance from the mother country, the coloniesfelt themselves less dependent militarily on the British by the end of the war. Theybecame most concerned with their own problems and put greater value on their owninstitutions. The French and Indian War prepared colonists for later battles; it was thenthat good leaders such as Washington, Stark, Putnam, and Pomeroy gained invaluableexperience. In other words, the colonists began to think of themselves as American ratherthan British. The English had become exasperated in handling the unsatisfiable colonies. .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .postImageUrl , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:hover , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:visited , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:active { border:0!important; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:active , .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0238f75030ad5db34915864a2c42e2ab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jesus Christ EssayEverything they did seemed to do was met with discordance. Revolution, though notknown at the time, was imminent. BibliographyBailey, Thomas and Kennedy, David. The American Pageant. 9th ed. Massachusetts:D.C. Heath and Company, 1991. Chidsey, Donald. The French and Indian War. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc.,1969. Gipson, Lawrence. â€Å"The American Revolution As An Aftermath Of the Great War Forthe Empire.† The Causes Of the American Revolution. Ed. by John Wahkle. Boston: D.C. Heath and Company, 1950, 82-94. Jennings, Francis. Empire of Fortune. 1st Ed. New York: W.W. Norton Company,1988. Reeder, Colonel Red. The French and Indian War. New York: Thomas Nelson Inc.,1972. History Essays

Science and Religion essays

Science and Religion essays Did a Biblically Inspired Mentality Play a Role in the Development of Modern Science? Before this question can be addressed, you must first define what modern science consists of. I see modern science as the past one hundred years of electrical, mechanical, physical, and galactic discovery. Modern science is exemplified through recent knowledge, and understanding of human healing. From evolution on earth to biological organisms found on mars you will also see the unrestrained results of modern science. Modern science has separated its self from the restrictive and faith based religious community. Modern science cant be logically linked to some form of religious influenced methodology. This is because Modern science has developed its own method of thinking. This scientific method is a factual and strictly guided methodology where there is no room for faith in an unknown entity. Early scientists were bound by a religious method of reasoning which crippled them in explanation and presentation of their discoveries and inventions. They had to somehow present their ideas to a public who wouldnt accept them without some divine intervention making them possible. Through reinterpretation of biblical sources, they could justify and qualify their work. Religious sources lend themselves to reinterpretation by their mythical and unverifiable nature. This can be seen anytime of the day through bad television preachers and mentally unstable cults who use the events and stories of the bible to represent and validate their own personal agendas. With some creativity, nearly any topic or idea can be verified through strategically selected and organized pieces of the bible. Through the 18th and 19th century, people found themselves presented with several new ideas and inventions which were evidently created by man and were far from divine. The steam engine allowed travel, communication, and transportati...

Clinical Supervision Reflection and Action Plan Essay

Clinical Supervision Reflection and Action Plan - Essay Example Other fields have also embraced the concept of clinical supervision with a variation of the same though under a different name altogether. This paper is going to focus on the various aspects of clinical supervision. It will begin with a brief background of the concept. A definition of the concept will be provided for purposes of understanding what clinical supervision is all about. It will then look at what happens in clinical supervision including the various stages involved. It will then provide a reflection of the good things that I encountered during clinical supervision before also looking at the bad things in clinical supervision. The paper will then look at some of the key issues in clinical supervision outlining their importance and how to improve on them in the future. This will then be followed by a discussion of some of the challenges that I faced and the mechanisms that I put in place to overcome them. The paper will conclude explaining why clinical supervision is important in nursing and the difference that it makes in the entire profession. Clinical supervision There has been a longstanding assumption in the medical field that nurses and midwives for that matter â€Å"learn on the Job† but in true sense there have been very few mechanisms that are put in place to ensure this aspect happens (Bryant, 2010, p. 36 ). Clinical supervision is an aspect that was introduced way back in the early 1990’s to describe a systematic structure for professional development for nurses and midwives. This concept was seen as a means of bringing together the aspect of reflection, development, individual responsibility and accountability within a framework that offers support and promotes safe practices (Gordon, 2000, p. 27). The overall intention of introducing this concept is to be able to promote safe practice and help in identifying the wilful bad practices that are exemplified nurses at the workplace and how these can be avoided in future operations (Bryant, 2010, p. 37 ). The NMC viewed the practices by nurses as individual responsibility an d therefore in 1993 they put forward a code that stated â€Å"As a professional you are personally accountable for actions and omissions in your practice and must always be able to justify your decisions.† This showed the aspect of individual responsibility and accountability (NMC, 2008). The council later on realized the importance of clinical supervision as being essential to accountable nursing practice and therefore endorsed its adoption in every branch of nursing. However the implementation of this aspect was essentially left to the practitioners in the individualized or local situations (Jeremy & Suresh, 2007, p. 412). The council still supports the aspect of clinical supervision but believes that it is better developed at local levels in line with the local needs of the population (Bryant, 2010, p. 39 ). Clinical supervision is therefore described as â€Å"regular protected time for facilitated, in-depth reflection on clinical practice aimed to enable the supervisee t o achieve, sustain and creatively develop a high quality of practice through the means of focused support and development.† (NCNM, 2008, p. 2) Brunero & Stein-Parbury (2008, p. 87) define clinical supervision as â€Å" a process of professional support and learning in which nurses are assisted in developing their practice through regular discussion time with experienced and knowledgeable colleagues.† It is evident from this that the principle of discussion is used in clinical supervision. Discussion or reflection is used to assist the nurse’s figure out what happened in a given situation and what

How To Be Idle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

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Should America legalize marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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Analysing Types Of Collection System Engineering Essay

Analysing Types Of Collection System Engineering Essay Based on their mode of operation, collection systems are classified into two categories: hauled-container systems and stationary-container systems. Hauled-Container Systems (HCS): Collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes are hauled to the processing, transfer, or disposal site, emptied, and returned to either their original location or some other location are defined as hauled-container systems. There are two main types of hauled-container systems: (1) tilt-frame container and (2) trash-trailer. The collector is responsible for driving the vehicle, loading full containers and unloading empty containers, and emptying the contents of the container at the disposal site. In some cases, for safety reasons, both a driver and helper are used. Systems that use tilt-frame-loaded vehicles and large containers, often called drop boxes, are ideally suited for the collection of all types of solid waste and rubbish from locations where the generation rate warrants the use of large containers. Open-top containers are used routinely at warehouses and construction sites. Large containers used in conjunction with stationary compactors are common at commercial and industrial services and at transfer stations. Because of the large volume that can be hauled, the use of tilt-frame hauled container systems has become widespread, especially among private collectors servicing industrial accounts. The application of trash-trailers is similar to that of tilt-frame container systems. Trash-trailers are better for the collection of especially heavy rubbish, such as sand, timber, and metal scrap, and often are used for the collection of demolition wastes at construction sites. Stationary-Container Systems (SCS): Collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at the point of waste generation, except when moved for collection are defined as stationary-container systems. Labor requirements for mechanically loaded stationary-container systems are essentially the same as for hauled-container systems. There are two main types of stationary-container systems: (1) those in which self-loading compactors are used and (2) those in which manually loaded vehicles are used. Because a variety of container sizes and types are available, these systems may be used for the collection of all types of wastes. The major application of manual transfer and loading methods is in the collection of residential wastes and litter. Manual methods are used for the collection of industrial wastes where pickup points are inaccessible to the collection vehicle. Collection Routes: Once the equipment labor requirements have been determined, collection routes must be laid out so both the work force equipment are used effectively. In general, the layout of collection routes is a trial-and-error process. There are no fixed rules that can be applied to all situations. Some of the factors that should be taken into consideration when laying out routes are as follows:(1) existing company policies and regulations related to such items as the point of collection and frequency of collection must be identified, (2) existing system conditions such as crew size and vehicle types must be coordinated, (3) wastes generated at traffic-congested locations should be collected as early in the day as possible, (4) sources at which extremely large quantities of wastes are generated should be serviced during the first part of the day, and (5) scattered pickup points where small quantities of solid wastes are generated should, if possible, be serviced during one trip or on the same day, if they receive the same collection frequency. Layout of Routes: The layout of collection routes is a four-step process. First, prepare location maps. On a relatively large-scale map of the area to be serviced, the following data should be plotted for each solid-waste pickup point: location, number of containers, collection frequency, and, if a stationary-container system with self-loading compactors is used, the estimated quantity of wastes to be collected at each pickup location. Second, prepare data summaries. Estimate the quantity of wastes to be collected from pickup location serviced each day that the collection operation is to be conducted. Where a stationary-container system is used, the number of locations that will be serviced during each pickup cycle must also be determined. Third, lay out preliminary collection routes starting from the dispatch station or where the collection vehicles are parked. A route should be laid out that connects all the pickup locations to be serviced during each collection day. The route should be laid out so that the last location is nearest the disposal site. Fourth, develop balanced routes. After the preliminary collection routes have been laid out, the haul distance for each route should be determined. Next, determine the labor requirements per day and check against the available work times per day. In some cases it may be necessary to readjust the collection routes to balance the work load and the distance traveled. After the balanced routes have been established, they should be drawn on the master map. Schedules: A master schedule for each collection route should be prepared for use by the engineering department and the transportation dispatcher. A schedule for each route, on which can be found the location and order of each pickup point to he serviced, should he prepared for the driver. In addition, a route book should be maintained by each truck driver. Transfer and transport: The functional element of transfer and transport refers to the means, facilities, and appurtenances used to effect the transfer of wastes from relatively small collection vehicles to larger vehicles and to transport them over extended distances to either processing centers or disposal sites. Transfer and transport operations become a necessity when haul distances to available disposal sites or processing centers increase to the point that direct hauling is no longer economically feasible. Transfer Station: Important factors that must be considered in the design of transfer stations include: type of transfer operation to be used, (2) capacity requirements, (3) equipment and accessory requirements, and (4) environmental requirements. Type of Transfer Station: Depending on the method used to load the transport vehicles, transfer stations may be classified into three types: direct discharge, storage discharge, and combined direct and storage discharge. Direct Discharge: In a direct-discharge transfer station, wastes from the collection vehicles usually are emptied directly into the vehicle to be used to transport them to a place of final disposition. To accomplish this, these transfer stations usually are constructed in a two-level arrangement. The unloading dock or platform from which wastes from collection vehicles are discharged into the transport trailers is elevated, or the transport trailers are located in a depressed ramp. Direct-discharge transfer stations employing stationary compactors are also popular. Typical direct discharge transfer station Storage Discharge: In the storage-discharge transfer station, wastes are emptied either into a storage pit or onto a platform from which they are loaded into transport vehicles by various types of auxiliary equipment. In a storage-discharge transfer station, the storage volume varies from about one-half to two daysà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ volume of wastes. Typical storage discharge transfer station Combined Direct and Storage Discharge: In some transfer stations, both direct-discharge and storage-discharge methods are used. Usually, these are multipurpose facilities designed to service a broader range of users than a single-purpose facility. In addition to serving a broader range of users, a multipurpose transfer station can also house a materials-salvage operation. Capacity Requirements: The operational capacity of a transfer station must be such that the collection vehicles do not have to wait too long to unload. In most cases, it will not be cost- effective to design the station to handle the ultimate peak number of hourly loads. An economic trade-off analysis should be made between the annual cost for the time spent by the collection vehicles waiting to unload against the incremental annual cost of a larger transfer station and/or the use of more transport equipment. Because of the increased cost of transport equipment, a trade-off analysis must also be made between the capacity of the transfer station and the cost of the transport operation, including both equipment and labor components. Equipment and Accessory Requirements: The types and amounts of equipment required vary with the capacity of the station and its function in the waste-management system. Specifically, scales should be provided at all medium and large transfer stations both to monitor the operation and to develop meaningful management and engineering data. Environmental Requirements: Most of the large, modern transfer stations are enclosed and are constructed of materials that can be maintained and cleaned easily. For direct-discharge transfer stations with open loading areas, special attention must be given to the problem of blowing papers. Wind screens or other barriers are commonly used. Regardless of the type of station, the design and construction should such that all accessible areas where rubbish or paper can accumulate are eliminated. Location of Transfer Station: Whenever possible, transfer stations should be located (1) as near as possible to the weighted center of the individual solid-waste production areas to be served, (2) within easy access of major arterial highway routes as well as near secondary or supplemental means of transportation, (3) where there will be a minimum of public environmental objection to the transfer operations, and (4) where construction and operation will be most economical. Additionally, if the transfer- station site is to be used for processing operations involving materials recovery and/or energy production, the requirements for those operations must be considered. Transfer Means Methods: Motor vehicles, railroads, and ocean-going vessels are the principal means now used to transport solid wastes. Pneumatic and hydraulic systems have also been used. Motor Vehicle Transport: Motor vehicles used to transport solid wastes on highways should satisfy the following requirements: (1) the vehicles must transport wastes at minimum cost, (2) wastes must be covered during the haul operation, (3) vehicles must be designed for highway traffic, (4) vehicle capacity must be such that allowable weight limits are not exceeded, and (5) methods used for unloading must be simple and dependable; The maximum volume that can be hauled highway transport vehicles depends on the regulations in force in the state in which they are operated. Methods used to unload the transport trailers may be classified according to whether they are self-emptying or require the aid of auxiliary equipment. Self-emptying transport trailers are equipped with mechanisms such as hydraulic dump beds, powered diaphragms or moving floors that are part of the vehicle. Moving-floor trailers are an adaptation of equipment used in the construction industry. An advantage of the moving-floor trailer is the rapid turnaround time (typically 6 to 10 mm) achieved at the disposal site without the need for auxiliary equipment. Unloading systems that require auxiliary equipment are usually of the à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"pull-offà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  type, in which the wastes are pulled out of the truck by either a movable bulkhead or wire-cable slings placed forward of the load. The disadvantage of requiring auxiliary equipment and work force to unload at the disposal site is relatively minor in view of the simplicity and reliability of these metho ds. Another auxiliary unloading system that has proved very effective and efficient involves the use of movable, hydraulically operated tipping ramps located at the disposal site. Operationally, the semitrailer of a tractor-trailer- trailer combination is backed up onto one of the tipping ramps; the tractor-trailer combination is backed up onto a second tipping ramp. The backs of the trailers are opened, and the units are then liked upward until the wastes fall out by gravity. The time required for the entire unloading operation typically is about 5 mm/trip. Large-capacity containers and container trailers are used in conjunction with stationary compactors at transfer stations. In some cases, the compaction mechanism is an integral part of the container. When containers are equipped with a self-contained compaction mechanism, the movable bulkhead used to compress the wastes is also used to discharge the compacted wastes. Railroad Transport: Although railroads were commonly used for the transport of solid wastes in the past, they are now used by only a few communities. However, renewed interest is again developing in the use of railroads for hauling solid wastes, especially to remote areas where highway travel is difficult and railroad lines now exist. Water Transport: Barges, scows, and special boats have been used in the past to transport solid wastes to processing locations and to seaside and ocean disposal sites, but ocean disposal is no longer practiced by the United States. Although some self-propelled vessels (such as United States Navy garbage scows and other special boats) were once used, the most common practice was to use vessels towed by tugs or other special boats. Pneumatic Transport: Both low-pressure air and vacuum conduit transport systems have been used to transport solid wastes. The most common application is the transport of wastes from high-density apartments or commercial activities to a central location for processing or for loading into transport vehicles. The largest pneumatic system now in use in the United States is at the Walt Disney World amusement park in Orlando, Florida.

Sonnys Blues :: essays research papers

Brothers tend to grow apart yet eventually find a way to revive an old beat up relationship. These brothers grew up on the rough streets of Harlem and went their separate ways. Sonny was a drug-addicted musician and his older brother was a high school algebra teacher with a family. The way the two brothers reunite through addiction, memories and strife make their bond seem stronger than ever. Sonny’s Blues, by James Baldwin, is a story about enlightenment through brotherhood when Sonny and his brother go to the club. Sonny’s brother saw the newspaper while he was on his way to work and realized that his little brother was in trouble because of drugs. The beginning of the enlightenment started when Sonny’s brother ran into the man who got Sonny started on heroin, or how they call it â€Å"horse.† â€Å"A great block of ice got settled in my belly and kept melting there slowly all day long, while I taught my classes algebra. It was a special kind of ice. It kept melting. Sending trickles of ice water all up and down my veins but it never got less. Sometimes it hardened and seemed to expand until I felt my guts were going to come spilling out or that I was going to choke or scream. This would always be at the moment when I was remembering some specific thing Sonny had once said or done.† The fact that Sonny’s brother wanted to have nothing to do with helping Sonny made it seem that he did not care that his brother was killing himself but deep down he knew that I wa s killing him too. Sonny’s brother felt like he had to help Sonny but he should not because his brother got himself into the drug scene. Sonny’s brother and him finally decided to reconcile when Gracie, Sonny’s niece, passed away at a young age. The brothers wrote back and forth and one thing became clear to Sonny’s brother, music affected him. Sonny’s brother always saw the music/jazz scene as an unhealthy lifestyle full of drugs and scandal. The only thing Sonny would really reinforce was that it was not because of the music. Sonny came back to New York after rehab from heroin and came to see the old neighborhood in Harlem. The brothers see that they have so much to be thankful for and that they will always have each other.